Diabetes in history, or the history of diabetes

fer's profile photo   04/09/2016 12:24 p.m.

I have always liked the story, it is interesting to take a look at the past and see how we have advanced, I propose to make a collection of various historical data on diabetes, here is the first:

Diabetes in Antiquity.
Papyrus of Ebers.
The first reference to diabetes is found in the Ebers papyrus found in 1862 in Thebes (today Luxor).In the papyrus a symptomalogy reminds of diabetes and remedies based on certain decoctions.

The ancient Hindu literature in the Vedas describes the sticky urine, with honey flavor and that strongly attaches the diabetic ants.

súsrutpeople of a certain age.

Demetrio de Apamea refined the diagnosis of MEMFIS diabetes mellitus of Memfis coined the end of diabetes (from day = day "through" and betes = betes "pass") to define a state of weakness, intense thirst and polyuria.Apollonius believed it was a form of hydropesia.

Pablo de Aegina refined even more the diagnosis of "dypsacus" (diabetes) associated with a state of weakness of the kidneys excess urination that led to dehydration.He prescribed a remedy based on herbs, endivias, lettuce and live red clover with dates of dates and myrtle to drink in the first stages of the disease, followed by poultice based on vinegar and rose oil on the kidneys.Previous on the use of diuretics but allowed venisection (bleeding).

Galen I thought that diabetes was a very rare sick, using alternative terms such as "urine diarrhea" and "Dypsacus" this last term to emphasize the extreme thirst associated with the disease.

Arateus de Capadocia , who also described tetanus used the diabetes term to describe the condition that led to an increase in urine.He predicted a restricted diet and diluted wine and in the terminal states Opio and Mandragora.

In the first century the Greek philosopher Arateus the Cappadocio referred to this disease for the first time with this name, referring to the ‘step’ of urine from polyuria (elimination of large amounts of urine) caused by diabetes.

XVI to XVI centuries

In the subsequent centuries it is not found in the medical writings references to this disease, until in the century, the doctor and philosopher Uzbek Avicena (980-1037) speaks withclear precision of this disease in its famous canon of medicine.

After a long interval it was Thomas Willis who, in 1679 , made a magistral diabetes description for the time, being since then recognized for his symptomatology as a clinical entity.It was he who, referring to the sweet taste of urine, gave him the name of Diabetes Mellitus (honey flavor diabetes), despite the fact that this fact had already been recorded about a thousand years before in India, around 500.

18th century

In 1775 Dopson identified the presence of glucose in the urine.Frank, at that time, also classified diabetes into two types: diabetes mellitus (or diabetes vera), and insipid diabetes (because the latter did not present the sweet urine).

The first observation made through a autopsy in a diabetic was performed by Cawley and published in the magazine London Medical Journal in 1788 .Almost at the same time the English John Roll attributed the ailment to a gastric cause, and achieved notable improvements with a diet rich in proteins and fats and limited in carbohydrates.

19th century

The first worksExperimental related to the metabolism of the carbohydrates were performed by Claude Bernard, who discovered, in 1848, the liver glycogen and caused the appearance of glucose in the urine exciting the bulbar centers.

Already in the half of the nineteenth century, the great French clinician Bouchardatdietary, based on the restriction of the carbohydrates and on the low caloric value of the diet.

The clinical and anatomical-patological works acquired great importance at the end of the 19th century, in the hands of Frerichs, Cantani, Naunyn, Lanceraux, etc., culminating in experiences of pancreatectomy in dogs, performed by mering and mikowskiIn 1889 .

Since the beginning of the 19th century, discoveries of biochemical events of great importance were made.In 1815, Medicine Doctor Michel Chevreul identified blood sugar as glucose, while, in 1836, Italian scientist Felice Ambrosiani found that blood glucose was increased in diabetics.

20th century

Frederick Grant Banting and John James Richard Macleod who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1923, in recognition of the discovery of insulin.

In 1974, the German researcher Adolph Kussmaul made the first great description of the diabetic coma and baptized him with that name.

The first diabetic treated with insulin

Leonard Thompson, 14 -year -old, was the first diabetes patient treated with injections of the new preparation.The experiment took place in January 1922, at General Hospital de Toronto.

Read more here: Link

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fer
04/09/2016 12:24 p.m.

@fer - Diabetes Tipo 1 desde 1.998 | FreeStyle Libre 3 | Ypsomed mylife YpsoPump + CamAPS FX | Sin complicaciones. Miembro del equipo de moderación del foro.
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20th to the XXI

Beginning of the twentieth century.Gley obtained pancreatic extracts with hypoglycemic effects, but not public the results.

1902
-Eugene L. Opie (1873-19719 and Leonid W. Szobolev (1876-1919), independently, observed a connection between the islet injury and the development of diabetes.
- M. B. Schmidthace The first observation of cell infiltration in the islets of the pancrea.

1904. Leroux and Dupuy did work with pancreatic extracts.

1907. Williams A. Lane differentiated the islets A and B.

1908. Georg Ludwin Zuelzer (1870-1949) obtained an alcohol extract of calf pancreas that patented with the name of Squatol.He published the results obtained with the extract used in animals, to which he reduced blood glycemia values.

1909
- Lipine was the first that supposed that diabetes could be due to the suppression of internal secretion in cases of pancreatic patients.
- William George Maccallum (1874-1944) showed that the binding of pancreatic ducts produced atrophy of the pancreas without affecting Langerham islets or producing diabetes.

1910. Vahlen used a pancreatic extract baptized with the name of metabolin which reduced glucose concentrations in rabbits and dogs with diabetes.

1916. E. Sharpey Schafer proposed to call insulin to an un isolated glucoregulator internal secretion

1919. Israel Kleiner reduced blood glucose in pancreatomized dogs using a fresh pancreas aqueous solution.He was the first scientists to use serial measurements of blood glucose in his studies.

1921
- Nicolás Paulesco described a spectacular decrease in blood glucose and urine in experimentation animals after the intravenous administration of a solution of pancreas in salted distilled water that Pancreina called.
- Frederik Grant Banting (1891-1941) and Charles Herbert Best (1899-1978), with the collaboration of Macleod (1876-1935) and J. B. Collip obtained a pancreatic extract that was called isletina which reduced blood sugar.

1922
- On January 11 Banting and Bets carried out the first clinical use of an extract, which they subsequently called insulin, in a 14 -year -old diabetic patient appointed Leonard Thompson.
- Werner and Bell synthesized the dimethyl-buguanida.
- In Spain, Dr. Rossend Carrasco undertakes the task of obtaining insulin through the removal of the pancreas of the pigs sacrificed in the municipal slaughterhouse of Barcelona.In this way, they manage to treat Francisco Pons, 20, who was the first diabetic throughout Europe treated with insulin.This first insulin obtained from animals generated dangerous hypoglycemia and large local reactions, greatly due to its impurities.Until 1923 it was not extended in use of insulin in Europe.

1923. J. R. Mllin discovered and appointed the glucagon.

1924. Bernardo Houssay (1887-1971) observed that hypophysectomy produced an extreme insulin sensitivity and that improved the results of the experiments on diabetes.

1926
- Jonh J. Abel (1857-1936) obtained the crystallization of insulin and purification for extraction.
- Ernesto Roma (1887-1978) created the first association of diabetics in Portugal.
- E. Frank and collaborators studied the use of Biguanidas.

1928. Depisch and Hasenohrl confirmed the presence of a neutralizing factor of insulin in the whey of diabetic patients (antibodies).

1929
- Kraus described the histological lesions of the pancreas of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
- Opporto informed about lipoidic necrobiosis.

1932. Houssay and Biasotti cause transitory diabetes in a normal dog to which they administer pituitary extract.

1935. D.A. Scott discovered that insulin crystals were easily formed in the presence of zinc or other metals of the series.

1936
- C. N. H. Long and F. D. W. Lukens observed that the removal of the adrenal cortex in rant -ups attenuate diabetes.
- Hans Cristian Hageden (1888-1971), B. N. Jensen (1889-1946) and N. B. Kraup in the Nordisk Laboratory in Denmark, managed to prolong the action of insulin with the production of the insulin of protamine- zinc (NPH).
- Harold P. Himsworth demonstrated the biochemical differences between insulin -dependent diabetes (type 1) and not insulin -dependent (type 2).
- Paul Kimmelstiel and Clifford Wilson described the glomerulosclerosis in the diabetic patient.

1937. Frank Young observed that a pituitary crude extract administered to an adult animal produced diabetes.

1939. Reiner and collaborators obtained the insulin globin.

1942. M. J. Janbon and Auguste Loubatiéres described the hypoglycemic effects of sulfonylureas in patients with typhoid fever.

1943. Dunn and Colb.They obtained selective lesions from β cells with the endovenous ejection of Alloxan.

1946. Charles Kragenbuhl and Thomas Rosenberg obtained neutral insulin Protamine Hageden and Isofane.

1949. Conn describes hyperglycemia with Acth administration.

1950. The International Federation of Diabetes Mellitus was founded in Amsterdam, Holland.

1955
- Frederick Sanger showed that insulin consists of 51 amino acids forming two chains and connected by disulfur bridges.
- The first sulfonylurea appears: carbonamide

1956
- WWBromer determined the sequence of the grucagon.
- E.U and Germany groups used tolbutamide and carbonamide for diabetes treatment.
- Solomon Berson (1918-1972) and Rosalind Yallow developed immunoanalysis.Joe Bornstein in collaboration with R. D. Lawrence were the pioneers to use this method for the study of diabetes.

1957. G. Ungar began using Biguanidas (ferformin) for the treatment of diabetes.

1960
- The crystallized human insulin of the pancreas of a corpse was isolated for the first time.
- G. Meyer introduced laser photocoagulation in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.

1961. Glibenclamide appears.

1965. H. Zahn and Meienhofer synthesized human insulin.December 17 and 31, 1966. Kelly and Lillehei perform the first two simultaneous pancreas-riñón transplants in diabetic patients.

1967
- Nelly performs total pancreas transplant.
- Dorald F. Steiner discovered proinsulin.

1969. Dorothy Hodgkin discovered the three -dimensional structure of the insulin molecule.

1970. John Pickup in London began using subcutaneous continuous insulin infusion.

1971. Fierre Freychet identified insulin receptors.

1972
- Leona Millar formalizes education as part of the treatment of diabetes.
- Metformin appears.

1974
- Gianfranco Botazzo and Deborah Doniach discovered the pancreatic anti -cigars antibodies.
- J. Nerup demonstrated the genetic basis of diabetes mellitus.

1976-1978.Several groups began the introduction of reactive strips for the automation of blood glucose.

1978
- L. Villakomaroff and collaborators isolated the genes responsible for the production of proinsulin.
- Sonken and Tattersall developed a home system for the monitoring of blood glucose levels.

1979
- The first insulin infusion pump is used in children.
- Goeddel and collaborators elaborated human insulin from biosynthetic methods using the E. coli.

1980
- The O.M.S.Through an expert committee issued criteria for classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
- The recombinant human insulin isHe used for the first time in clinical trials with humans.

1981. John Ireland and collaborators introduced the pen for insulin administration

1984. The Hoechst firm of Germany developed the smallest insulin infusion bomb (H-Tron Hoechst).

1986
- A different recombinant process was used through the E. coli to obtain insulin.Yeast and mammal cells were also used for this purpose.It was the first pharmaceutical product manufactured by recombinant DNA technology.
- Goldstein and others announce the methodology and clinical application of glucosylated hemoglobin.
- The glycacid appears.

1990. The first drug of the group of intestinal glucosidases inhibitors enters into the market: Carbosa.

1993. The D.C.C.T (Diabetes Control and complication trial) is carried out on the control and complications of diabetes.

1995
- A new sulfonylurea appears: glymepirid.
- A new family of hypoglycemic oral compounds appears: Tiazolidinedionas (troglitazone).

1997
- Rosiglitazone and Pioglitazone appear.
- At the proposal of an expert committee of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) the O.M.S.It makes known the new classification and diagnosis criteria of diabetes mellitus.
- The repair, drug of a new group of hypoglycemic oral compounds (metiglinides) is introduced into the market.

2000
- Natleglinida is introduced as the new drug of the metiglinid group.
- A modified sulfonylurea appears: Glicazida Mr.

Early 21st century.The application of cell or regenerative therapy in diabetic patients begins to be evaluated.

2006
- Inhaled first insulin (exube).
- A new Glulisin insulin analogue (Apidra) is marketed
- A new drug is introduced in the treatment of diabetes: Sitagliptin (DPP-4 inhibitors)

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fer
04/09/2016 12:41 p.m.

@fer - Diabetes Tipo 1 desde 1.998 | FreeStyle Libre 3 | Ypsomed mylife YpsoPump + CamAPS FX | Sin complicaciones. Miembro del equipo de moderación del foro.
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Papyrus of Ebers

The first written reference, which is commonly accepted, corresponds to the papyrus found by German Egyptologist George Ebers in 1873, near Luxor's ruins, dated 1,500 before the Christian era.This papyrus is preserved today in the Library of the University of Leipzig (Germany).It is a papyrus roll that when unwinding it was 20 m long by 25 cm wide and everything that was known or believed about medicine is written.A paragraph is dedicated to the strange disease, to which the Greeks would call diabetes.

Its author was a priest of the temple of Imhotep, an eminent doctor in his time, and in his writing he tells us about sick people, they are continuously hungry, who urinate in abundance and feel tormented by a huge thirst.It is undoubtedly describing the most serious symptoms of infant-juvenile diabetes.

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fer
04/09/2016 1:09 p.m.

@fer - Diabetes Tipo 1 desde 1.998 | FreeStyle Libre 3 | Ypsomed mylife YpsoPump + CamAPS FX | Sin complicaciones. Miembro del equipo de moderación del foro.
Co-Autor de Vivir con Diabetes: El poder de la comunidad online, parte de los ingresos se destinan a financiar el foro de diabetes y mantener la comunidad online activa.

  

@Fer Thank you!!!! I liked reading all this information!!!But I think that although it progresses a lot through the passing of the years and century, it seems that we were still in diapers.To think that not so long ago that people with diabetes 1 were doomed to die produces vertigo.I hope that one day not too distant we can read that in 2017 O2018 someone finally gives the definitive cure of diabetes.
Congratulations on the article!!!!

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DiabetesForo
04/11/2016 10:53 a.m.
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@Aliciaalicia just what you say, for thousands of years since you have a record, people died of diabetes, only 100 years ago that people have begun to survive, I think this causes us to have a more complete perspective of the "well" well"What are we today!;)

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fer
04/13/2016 3:37 p.m.

@fer - Diabetes Tipo 1 desde 1.998 | FreeStyle Libre 3 | Ypsomed mylife YpsoPump + CamAPS FX | Sin complicaciones. Miembro del equipo de moderación del foro.
Co-Autor de Vivir con Diabetes: El poder de la comunidad online, parte de los ingresos se destinan a financiar el foro de diabetes y mantener la comunidad online activa.

  

"Only" 100 years in the era of greater scientific and technical advances in history.In which in all fields it has advanced hundreds of times more than in the rest of the history of humanity.

However, in our disease (DM1), we are practically the same as 100 years ago when insulin was discovered.Give me a portable glucometer, I'm going to 1930 and my life as a diabetic would be practically the same as now.

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Sherpa41
04/13/2016 4:23 p.m.

En 1922 descubrieron la insulina, en 1930 la insulina lenta. ¿Que c*** han hecho desde entonces?

  

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